1

A secret convention

The Constitutional Convention gathered between May 25 and September 17, 1787, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, at that moment the seat of the U.S. government. Although the initial intention had been to "fix" the government delineated in the Articles of the Confederation, the constituents, also known as the "Framers", decided to write a new document altogether. For nearly five months, delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island had refused to participate) deliberated in secret , wanting to avoid external pressure but also any leak or rumor that could lead to mass panic.

2

A controversial document

While James Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in shaping our government, the document as we know it was mainly drafted by Pennsylvania delegate Gouverneur Morris. Although the convention had reluctantly agreed on 23 points, the final draft only contained seven, plus a preamble and a closing endorsement . This result, caused by several necessary compromises, disappointed many delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, who still voted in favor because they believed that they couldn’t reach a better agreement.

3

Spelling errors

The text for the Constitution had been drafted by Gouverneur Morris, but the document to be signed was penned on five parchment pages by Jacob Shallus, an assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Shallus received $30 for his work (equivalent to about $750 today). The document was written quite hastily, which led to misspellings in the text , although some of them might have been common alternative spellings at that time, such as "chuse" instead of "choose". The most famous error is "Pensylvania" in the list of signatory states, a list written by Alexander Hamilton, not by Shallus.

4

The compromises

The heated debates about the new government forced the delegates to reach a series of compromises. The most significant concerned state representation (larger states wanted proportional votes, smaller states demanded equal representation), whether enslaved people counted towards state population, and the executive government’s election method. As a result, the Convention decided on a Bicameral legislature (the House of Representatives with proportional representation and the Senate with equal representation), counted three-fifths of the enslaved population towards representation and taxation, and decided on an electoral college to balance popular votes and state electors.

5

The constituents

The convention, presided over by George Washington, was comprised of delegates from 12 states, a mix of lawyers, merchants, landowners, physicians, and public officials. All of them had political experience, having served in the Continental Congress, the Confederation Congress, or as signers of the Declaration of Independence , although their ages varied. New Jersey delegate Jonathan Dayton was the youngest constituent, at 26 years old, while Pennsylvania delegate Benjamin Franklin was the oldest, at 81 years old.

6

The men who refused

The Constitutional Convention had 55 delegates in total, but not all of them signed the Constitution or were even present at the signing. Thirteen of them had returned to their states due to professional or personal reasons, or as a form of protest. George Mason, Elbridge Gerry, and Edmund Randolph remained at the convention, but refused to sign the Constitution without a Bill of Rights. In the end, only 39 out of 55 delegates signed the final document.

7

Delaware, the First State

Although Delaware is traditionally regarded as the 13th colony, and it functioned as such with its own assembly, it had always been part of Pennsylvania, only becoming an independent state with the start of the Revolutionary War. The second-smallest state beside Rhode Island, Delaware was the first to unanimously ratify the new U.S. Constitution , less than three months after it was signed, making it the first state to join the Union and earning it the nickname of "The First State".

8

The Bill of Rights

The inclusion of a Bill of Rights had been debated during the Constitutional Convention, but it had been rejected under the argument that it could imply that any right not mentioned did not exist. However, this posed a later issue, as some states flat-out refused to ratify a Constitution that lacked protection of individual rights. To ensure ratification, these states were promised that a bill of rights would be added. The Constitution was fully ratified on May 29, 1790, and the Bill of Rights, composed of ten amendments, was added on December 15, 1791.

9

What about slavery?

The terms "slave" or "slavery" do not appear in the original text of the Constitution, but this doesn’t mean the institution was not contemplated or protected in the document. The text spoke of people "bound to service", counted three-fifths of them towards a state’s population, prevented Congress from banning the import of enslaved people until 1808, and included a clause to return fugitives to their enslavers. It was not until 1865, with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, that the text of the Constitution formally addressed slavery, abolishing it across the U.S.

10

Amendments

Article V of the original text delineated the mechanism to amend the Constitution, contemplating that the government should be able to change as the nation changed. Any amendment requires a majority vote (two-thirds) of both chambers of Congress, plus the ratification of three-fourths of the states. Since the inception of the Constitution, more than 11,000 amendments have been proposed to Congress, but only 33 have been approved and sent to be ratified by the states. Of those, only 27 have been effectively ratified, the last one, concerning changes in congressional pay, fully ratified in 1992.

1

Yellowstone National Park

Image: Meina Yin

Yellowstone National Park, created in 1872, is a vast natural forest of 3,500 square miles that spans the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. More than half of the world's geothermal phenomena can be observed here , with some 10,000 different examples. It also has more than 300 geysers, which is about two-thirds of all the geysers on the planet.

This location, the first national park in the United States, has been a World Heritage Site since 1978. It is also known for protecting abundant and diverse wildlife —such as grizzly bears, wolves, bison, and wapiti— and for drawing millions of visitors from all over the world each year. And you, have you ever been?

2

Independence Hall

Image: Rdsmith4, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons

The Independence Hall, located in historic Philadelphia, was designated a World Heritage Site in 1979. This location, far more than just a building, is considered the birthplace of America’s political foundation . The Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall, is where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. And just 11 years later, the United States Constitution was also debated and signed here.

This Georgian-style red brick structure was designed by Scottish lawyer Andrew Hamilton and completed in 1753 to house the colonial assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was then renovated several times. In 1966, the building was recognized as a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. government and is currently the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park.

3

Statue of Liberty

Image: Anthony DELANOIX

Installed in 1886 at the gate of New York’s harbor, the Statue of Liberty has since welcomed millions of immigrants who have come to populate the United States. This colossal neoclassical 305-foot-tall effigy enlightening the world with its torch was made in Paris by the sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi in collaboration with Gustave Eiffel. It was a gift from France to our country on the occasion of the centenary of our independence.

To visit this historic monument, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, tickets must be purchased in advance. Or you can always ride the fare-free Staten Island ferry and admire it from afar in all its splendor!

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Mesa Verde National Park

Image: Alec Krum

Located in the southwest of Colorado, the Mesa Verde Plateau reaches an altitude of over 8,500 feet. The National Park was established in 1906 and was added to the list of American World Heritage Sites in 1978. This location hosts a large number of Pueblo Indian dwellings built between the 6th and 12th centuries. Some 4,400 settlements have been found , including villages built high up on the plateau and imposing stone-built homes on rocky outcrops, with more than a hundred rooms in some cases.

The Mesa Verde National Park, which nowadays protects these invaluable archaeological sites, is a testament to the ancient cultural traditions of Native American tribes and is among the best preserved in the United States. If you haven’t visited yet, you must! We guarantee you a spectacular window into the past!

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Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Image: Zongnan Bao

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is located on the southernmost Hawaiian island and was founded in 1916. It is best known for its extraordinary biodiversity spread over more than 340,000 acres, and it is in fact thanks to this natural richness that UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in 1987.

The park, as you would have guessed, is home to several volcanoes . Although many of them are currently inactive, two are very much alive: Mauna Loa , which last erupted in 1984, is known to be still active and is considered the world's greatest volcanic mass; Kīlauea is more than 200,000 years old and has been erupting since 1983, the most recent occurring on June 3, 2024.

If you are considering visiting the park, exploring the volcanoes, and enjoying a unique experience, we also recommend a museum tour , where you can learn all about the history of these fascinating fiery peaks.

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Monticello and the University of Virginia

Image: Richard Hedrick

The Monticello Residence in Virginia, designed by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, is one of the finest examples of American neoclassical architecture . Since 1987, it has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List, along with the University of Virginia in Charlottesville.

Jefferson created Monticello as his plantation mansion and envisioned the university as the ideal ‘academic village’ . His vision of architecture, based on classical antiquity, reflects not only his aspirations for a new American republic heir to the European tradition but also the degree of cultural experimentation that could be expected of a country in the process of democratic evolution.

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Papahānaumokuākea

Image: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - Pacific Region's, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Papahānaumokuākea, made up of a series of 583,000 square miles of small islands, atolls, and surrounding marine wilderness, is located in northwest Hawaii. This particular location has enormous natural value as one of the largest marine protected areas in the world . It is equally important for its Native culture. Two of its islands, Nihoa and Makumanamana , bear archaeological remains that attest to the presence of human settlement even before the arrival of Europeans . For Hawaiians, this site has cosmological significance , as it represents the bond between humans and nature.

Papahānaumokuākea was designated a World Heritage Site in 2010, and although it’s not currently open to the general public, it continues to be accessible for research, habitat restoration, and cultural and educational purposes.

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Grand Canyon National Park

Image: Isadora Neto

Grand Canyon National Park is known as one of the seven natural wonders of the world and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.

Located in the state of Arizona, this park is divided by a gigantic steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River, which, at more than 6,000 feet deep, is the most spectacular gorge in the world . This site is so relevant that all the geological history of the last two billion years can be found in its horizontal strata. And across its 277 miles, there are even traces of prehistoric man's efforts to adapt to a particularly inhospitable environment .

If you haven’t visited it yet, you should soon join the more than 5 million people traveling each year!

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San Antonio Missions

Image: USA-Reiseblogger

This 2015 World Heritage Site, built on what was once the border of New Spain along the San Antonio River, constitutes five mission complexes that reflect the history of the region.

Founded by Franciscan missionaries in the 18th century, San Antonio includes architectural structures, archaeological remains, churches, dwellings, farmland, silos and water supply systems .

This site, located in Texas, is a living testament to the Hispanic monarchy's enterprise to colonize, evangelize, and defend the northern frontier territories of New Spain. These missions are also an example of the mixture of Hispanic and Coahuila culture , as can be seen in the ornamental elements of the churches that mix Catholic symbolism with native naturalist aesthetics.

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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright

Image: Yuhan Du

This series of eight Frank Lloyd Wright works recognizes the famous architect's influence on modern design . The most relevant buildings included in the 2019 Unesco designation are Fallingwater House in Mill Run, Pennsylvania; Unity Temple Church in Oak Park, Illinois; Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House in Madison, Wisconsin; and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of Art in New York City, among others.

These sites are a great example of the ‘organic architecture’ conceived by Wright, characterized by open plan design, the blurring of the boundaries between inside and outside, and the highly original use of materials such as steel and concrete . Wright's innovative conception of architecture, whether in residential, work, cultural, or religious buildings, greatly influenced the evolution of modern architecture in Europe and the United States and is still a point of reference for designers today.

1

Gone with the Wind

Image: Adam Kring

Released in 1939, Gone with the Wind stands as one of the most iconic films in American cinema. Adapted from Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel of the same name, the film is set against the backdrop of the Civil War and follows the life of Scarlett O'Hara (played by Vivien Leigh), the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner.

Featuring legendary performances by Clark Gable and Leslie Howard, the film captivated audiences around the globe. It not only became the highest-grossing film of its time but also held that record for over 25 years, cementing its place in cinematic history.

2

Casablanca

Image: Craig Whitehead

Casablanca is often hailed as the quintessential American film. Both filmed and set against the tumultuous backdrop of World War II, it weaves a poignant tale of romance and sacrifice in a world on the brink of chaos. The film's unforgettable characters, brought vividly to life by the stellar performances of Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, have become emblematic of American cinema.

Its most iconic line, "Here’s looking at you, kid," has etched itself into the collective memory of millions. Over the years, Casablanca has only solidified its legendary status, with its characters, famous lines, and theme song becoming a part of popular culture. It consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history.

3

Citizen Kane

Image: Daria Kraplak

Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently acclaimed as the greatest film ever made, offering a profoundly intelligent exploration of the life of Charles Foster Kane, a fictional media mogul inspired by real-life figures like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

The brainchild of the visionary Orson Welles, who served as the film’s actor, director, and producer, Citizen Kane delves into themes of wealth, power, and democracy with such depth that it remains relevant to this day. The film caused a stir upon its release, prompting Hearst to ban any mention of it in his newspapers. It was also lauded for its groundbreaking cinematography, introducing innovative techniques that set new creative standards for the industry.

4

The Wizard of Oz

Image: Mateusz Raczynski

A beloved piece of Americana, the 1939 film release of The Wizard of Oz is the most iconic adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's fantasy novel of the same name. Dorothy’s journey to the Emerald City has captivated audiences for generations and has brought the original story to worldwide audiences.

The film's groundbreaking use of Technicolor and special effects marked a new era in American cinema. Recognized by the U.S. Library of Congress as the most-watched film in history, The Wizard of Oz remains a timeless classic, with its impact on popular culture enduring to this day.

5

It’s a Wonderful Life

Image: Johannes Roth

Frank Capra’s It’s a Wonderful Life (1946) has become an essential Christmas classic. Starring James Stewart as George Bailey, the film tells the heartwarming story of a man who, facing financial ruin and despair, is shown by his guardian angel what life would have been like if he had never existed.

Loosely based on a 1943 short story that echoes Charles Dickens’ all-time classic A Christmas Carol , the film’s messages of hope and redemption resonated deeply with audiences. Despite an initially lukewarm reception, It’s a Wonderful Life gained popularity through television broadcasts and is now regarded as a timeless holiday favorite.

6

Singin' in the Rain

Image: Ricky Turner

Widely celebrated as one of the greatest musicals in American cinema, Singin' in the Rain (1952) offers a nostalgic look at Hollywood’s transition from silent films to "talkies." Directed by Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, who also stars in the film, it became famous for its iconic musical numbers, particularly Kelly’s unforgettable dance in the rain, which has since become one of the most iconic scenes in movie history.

The film’s vibrant choreography, catchy songs, and clever commentary on the film industry have solidified its place in American film culture. As a delightful homage to Hollywood’s Golden Age, it immortalizes both the magic and the many challenges of filmmaking.

7

North by Northwest

Image: Blake Harbison

Directed by the master of suspense, Alfred Hitchcock, North by Northwest is one of the most iconic American thrillers. Starring Cary Grant as the charming protagonist Roger Thornhill, the film follows his harrowing journey as he’s mistaken for a government agent and pursued across the country by both law enforcement and international spies.

Iconic scenes like the crop duster chase and the climactic showdown on Mount Rushmore are etched in cinematic history. The film’s influence is still evident in modern thrillers, and it is celebrated to this day for its gripping narrative and stylish execution.

8

The Grapes of Wrath

Image: Sonder Quest

Based on John Steinbeck’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Grapes of Wrath (1940) is a powerful and poignant portrayal of the struggles faced by American families during the Great Depression. Directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad, the film follows the Joad family as they journey from Oklahoma to California in search of a better life, only to encounter hardship and injustice along the way.

The Grapes of Wrath is lauded for its smart adaptation of Steinbeck’s novel and its brutally honest depiction of the social issues of the time. The film’s carefully crafted cinematography focuses on the Joad family as a unit, its visual style providing a stark contrast to the themes of suffering and perseverance that define the story.

9

The Searchers

Image: Jon Toney

John Ford’s The Searchers (1956) is considered one of the greatest Westerns ever made. Starring John Wayne in one of his most iconic roles, the film tells the story of Ethan Edwards, a hardened Civil War veteran who embarks on a relentless quest to find his niece, who has been kidnapped by Comanche Indians.

The film is both a thrilling adventure and a complex exploration of themes such as racism, obsession, and the American frontier. The movie is also praised for its stunning cinematography, particularly its use of Monument Valley’s vast landscapes, which have become synonymous with the genre.

10

Some Like It Hot

Image: Stephanie Valencia

Some Like It Hot (1959) is a comedy classic that pushed boundaries during the waning years of Hollywood’s golden era. Directed by Billy Wilder, the film stars Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon as two musicians who witness a mob hit and disguise themselves as women to evade the gangsters pursuing them.

Marilyn Monroe co-stars as Sugar Kane, an endearing singer who unwittingly becomes entangled in their criminal scheme. The film’s sharp wit, impeccable comedic timing, and brilliant performances have made it a staple of American cinema, and it remains as fresh and funny today as it was upon its release.