1

Randall Park Mall, Ohio

Image: Carl Raw

Randall Park Mall opened in 1976 when huge retail complexes were designed to be at the heart of their communities. It was one of the largest indoor malls in the country, with more than 200 shops. However by 2009, following years of declining business and the more immediate impact of the Great Recession, Randall Park Mall closed its doors.

Encompassing nearly 2.2 million square feet of space and reportedly costing $175 million to build, Randall Park Mall was deemed such a colossal miscalculation that it closed after only 33 years in operation and was demolished before reaching forty years.

2

Circle Centre Mall, Indiana

Image: Michael Weidemann

Circle Centre opened to the public on September 8, 1995, incorporating existing downtown structures such as the former L. S. Ayres flagship store. Real efforts were made in its design to incorporate historic elements, such as the retention of the facades of buildings that had previously existed on the site.

Most malls rely on their department and anchor stores to survive, but, with the closure of Nordstrom in 2011 and of Carson's on April 29, 2018, the mall has been left without any department stores. In response to the changing retail conditions, the mall has explored non-traditional uses; for example, in 2014 The Indianapolis Star moved its offices into part of the space vacated by Nordstrom.

3

East Hills Shopping Center, Missouri

Image: Alexander Kovacs

East Hills Shopping Center is an enclosed shopping mall that opened in 1965, as one of the first malls in the Midwestern U.S. After enjoying several decades of success during the early days of malls, East Hills lost many tenants throughout the 1990s.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought many businesses to a close. On August 27, 2022, Dillard's permanently closed its doors followed by Party City in April 2023. The mall currently features JCPenney as its only anchor tenant.

4

Exton Square Mall, Pennsylvania

Image: mostafa meraji

The Exton Square Mall opened its doors in March 1973. Among its earlier memories, it holds the distinction of hosting the first Chick-fil-A restaurant on its premises.

In recent years, the mall has experienced an increase in vacancy rates, due to declining mall traffic and ongoing competition from the larger King of Prussia mall located 14 miles away. Many of the remaining stores are non-traditional tenants such as medical offices, a chess club, an art studio and gallery, and a chamber of commerce office.

5

Pittsburgh Mills Galleria, Pennsylvania

Image: Alexander Kovacs

Pittsburgh Mills Galleria is a dead mall that opened to much fanfare on July 14, 2005, but it never achieved the success its owners had hoped for. Only a year after opening, Lucky Strike Lanes closed and was eventually replaced with two restaurants and a banquet hall.

As of February 2023, there are only about 20 stores left, including 6 major chain stores. The food court, which once housed two full-service restaurants, a Starbucks, 10 counter restaurants, and several push-cart vendors, is now completely vacant.

6

Midway Mall, Ohio

Image: Pascal Bernardon

Midway Mall originally opened on September 22, 1966. Its anchor stores were Higbees, JCPenney, and Sears but over the years, brands changed and eventually left. As of 2023, with former anchor Dunham's Sports closing its branch there, it is considered a dead mall.

In 2023, the Lorain County Port Authority voted to buy and develop the mall site but, on May 1, 2024, the port authority sold the property to Industrial Commercial Properties, which intends to turn the mall into an industrial park.

7

Signal Hill Mall, North Carolina

Image: Ervan Sugiana

Signal Hill Mall was a regional enclosed shopping mall that opened in 1973 with more than 40 stores. The mall experienced a great deal of decline since the 2010s, losing most of its major stores throughout the decade and receiving significant media attention as an example of what is popularly known as a dead mall.

As of 2022, the mall has continued to decline, and despite discussions about the possibility of the mall being repurposed for non-retail use, nothing has been done. The mall is occasionally used as a space for community and recreational events by Statesville residents but that is all the activity on its premises.

8

Century III Mall, Pennsylvania

Image: Raymond Kotewicz

The eighth entry on this list hailing from Pennsylvania is an already abandoned mall. Century III Mall was built on a former slag dump and it operated from 1979 to 2019 - almost 40 years, which is not a bad number for a mall. It was the third-largest shopping mall in the world when it opened, but it has since been surpassed by much larger malls.

Following a similar route to the ones we have seen before, its occupancy rate fell from 40 percent in January 2016 to 10 percent by December 2017. Demolition of the mall began on March 26, 2024, starting with the attached external parking garage structure, but it will take a year until the entire structure is gone.

9

Gwinnett Place Mall, Georgia

Image: Casey Lovegrove

Stranger Things fans might recognize this building as the "Starcourt Mall" featured in the third season of the series. Once the leading mall in the region, Gwinnett Place Mall is now largely vacant.

It was challenged by the openings of the Mall of Georgia in 1999 and Sugarloaf Mills in 2001 and lost a large part of its customer base. It also failed to attract any new anchor stores for several years. In 2008, Gwinnett Technical College opened an International Education Center in the mall, where students take foreign language classes. Not much of a mall anymore.

10

Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center, California

Image: David Valentine

Let us close the list with Hawthorne Plaza , an abandoned enclosed shopping mall with 134 stores that opened in February 1977. It included an indoor mall with three anchor stores and freestanding stores. Despite its initial popularity, the mall went into decline in the 1980s and 1990s.

The number of occupied stores declined from 130 in the late 1980s to around 70 in 1998. The mall's final anchor, JCPenney, closed in 1998 and the mall itself closed in 1999. The southern section of the mall across from the parking structure was demolished in 1998 and rebuilt as a strip mall. It currently includes a supermarket, a pharmacy, and some small restaurants.

1

A meatpacker from Troy sparks a nickname

In 1812, while the country was at war with Britain again, soldiers stationed near Troy, New York, needed to eat. A local businessman named Samuel Wilson, who ran a meatpacking company with his brother Ebenezer along the Hudson River, won a contract to supply barrels of beef and pork to the army.

Wilson stamped every barrel "U.S." for United States, but around town he was already known by a friendlier name, Uncle Sam, for being an honest and generous employer to the many workers who passed through his docks. Soldiers saw the initials, heard the nickname, and started joking that their rations came courtesy of "Uncle Sam" himself. What started as a joke stuck, and local newspapers quickly picked it up, marking the first step in Uncle Sam’s story.

2

A patchwork figure before the patriotic suit

Before Uncle Sam wore his familiar star-spangled coat, he looked more like any other fisherman.

The earliest known drawing of him appeared in the New York Lantern in 1852 , decades after Samuel Wilson first earned the nickname back in Troy. In that cartoon, he had no top hat, no red and white stripes, nothing close to what you would recognize today. Early illustrators dressed him in rustic, everyday clothes, sometimes patchwork, because he was meant to represent the common American, not a polished symbol of government sitting in an office. It took years of cartoonists experimenting, borrowing bits from other figures and dropping others, before Uncle Sam’s look settled into anything close to consistent.

3

The Civil War gives him his iconic aesthetic

During the Civil War, Uncle Sam needed to do more than represent the country. He needed to rally it. Editorial cartoonists of the era, most famously Thomas Nast at Harper’s Weekly , reworked him into someone sharper and more commanding , trading the rustic patchwork look for a tall, lean man with a top hat and striped trousers.

Nast used Uncle Sam to speak for the Union cause and to argue for keeping the country unified, at a time when families followed the war through newspaper cartoons the way we now follow headlines on our phones. This version of Uncle Sam, dignified rather than folksy, laid the groundwork for the figure who would later stare down at millions of Americans from recruitment posters, decades before that poster was ever drawn.

4

Uncle Sam becomes a tool of political satire

By the turn of the 20th century, Uncle Sam had developed a new side: he could make a political argument without saying a word.

As the United States expanded overseas after the Spanish-American War, cartoonists used his body, clothes, and size to debate what that expansion meant. Around 1900, in J.S. Pughe’s cartoon "Declined with thanks," an oversized Uncle Sam gets measured for an ever bigger suit, a visual joke about the country’s growing territorial expansion. The joke was visual, but the issue was serious. Uncle Sam had become a flexible political weapon, useful both to supporters and critics of American power. The character could literally grow as the nation grew, making him ideal for newspaper satire.

5

A British general points the way first

Here’s the twist most people don’t know about: That famous pointing finger, the one every American associated with Uncle Sam, was not originally American at all.

In 1914, as Britain entered World War I, illustrator Alfred Leete created a recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener, Britain’s Secretary of State for War, pointing directly at the viewer above the words: "Britons: Join Your Country’s Army." The poster ran on magazine covers and street corners across the country and became one of the most talked-about images of the war’s early days. A few years later, on the other side of the Atlantic, an American artist would study that same commanding pose and realize it was exactly what his own country needed to put on paper.

6

An artist paints himself into history

That American artist was James Montgomery Flagg, a well-known illustrator commissioned by the Committee for Public Information to create a recruitment poster for WWI in 1917.

The plan was simple: echo the Kitchener pose with an American face. There was just one problem: the model scheduled to sit for the painting never showed up that day. Rather than waste the afternoon, Flagg propped up a mirror in his studio and used his own reflection, adding a goatee and white hair to age himself into the role of Uncle Sam. The result, "I Want You for U.S. Army," turned out to be the defining image of Uncle Sam for generations, all because one artist got impatient and decided not to wait around for someone else to show up.

7

A single poster printed over four million times

Numbers rarely tell a full story, but this one comes close. Between 1917 and 1918, Flagg’s Uncle Sam poster was printed more than four million times, plastered across train stations, storefronts, and town squares nationwide, often right next to enlistment tables.

It pushed Americans to sign up for service, to buy Liberty Bonds, and to see the war as something that involved them personally, not just the soldiers overseas. Few pieces of American graphic design have ever reached that scale of distribution, and fewer still have stayed recognizable a century later. If you have ever seen a Halloween costume, a magazine cover, or a protest sign featuring that pointing finger, you have already seen Flagg's poster still at work.

8

Uncle Sam trades his rifle for a baseball bat

Not every wartime appearance of Uncle Sam involved a battlefield. Illustrators found plenty of other uses for his familiar face between 1917 and 1918, some of them surprisingly playful.

J.C. Leyendecker drew him swinging a baseball bat under the slogan "Get in the Game," nudging Americans toward the war effort through a sport nearly everyone already loved on weekend afternoons. Flagg himself created a gentler image of Uncle Sam with his arm around a horse, part of a campaign asking Americans to support the care of military animals overseas. These lighter, unexpected adaptations remind us that propaganda during that era was not only about urgency; it also leaned on familiarity and warmth to make its point stick.

9

Pearl Harbor brings the same face back

When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the country needed a rallying image fast, and rather than starting from scratch, officials reached for something already proven.

Flagg’s 1917 interpretation was dusted off and reprinted by the millions once again, this time for WWII enlistment drives and home front civil defense campaigns. The same stern face that had once urged an earlier generation to sign up was now doing the job all over again for their sons, appearing on posters in recruiting offices, factories, and post offices nationwide. By the 1940s, he was more than a wartime recruiting figure. He was a shorthand symbol for the federal government and the country itself.

10

From wartime symbol to modern canvas

Uncle Sam did not retire once the World Wars ended. In the decades since, he has become something closer to a blank canvas that each generation paints over with its own concerns.

During the Vietnam era, protest artists twisted his familiar pose into pointed criticism of the very government he once represented so simply, using his own famous finger to accuse instead of recruit. Political cartoonists continue to reach for him today, whether the topic is an election, a policy debate, or a national controversy, counting on readers to instantly recognize who he stands for. Few American symbols have proven so adaptable, stretched and reshaped again and again across more than two centuries, yet somehow always recognizable the moment that pointing finger appears.

1

Blues

Image: Ahmed Rizkhaan

Originating in the Deep South during the late 19th century, blues evolved from African American work songs, spirituals, and field hollers. More often than not, it channeled pain and the harsh realities of life in a segregated America. Formally, its 12-bar blues structure and expressive guitar playing influenced countless other genres, from rock and roll to jazz.

2

Jazz

Image: Carol Highsmith's America

Born in New Orleans in the early 20th century, jazz blended African rhythms, blues, and brass band traditions. It was a revolutionary genre defined by improvisation and syncopation. Great figures like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington helped jazz spread worldwide, becoming a symbol of American creativity.

3

Rock and Roll

Image: Ana Grave

Emerging in the 1950s, rock and roll combined elements of blues, gospel, and rhythm and blues to create a high-energy, powerful sound . It soon became the voice of a new, rebellious generation. Pioneers like Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard became universally beloved legends, forever altering the course of popular music.

4

Country

Image: Ben White

Originating in the southern United States, country music evolved from folk ballads and fiddle tunes brought by European immigrants. Initially, the genre focused on stories about blue-collar American life but later expanded to include love ballads and dance tunes. Today, it remains one of the most popular genres in the U.S.

5

Bluegrass

Image: Priscilla Du Preez

A fast-paced, acoustic offshoot of country, bluegrass emerged in the 1940s thanks to Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys. Drawing from Irish and Scottish folk traditions, it prominently features stringed instruments like the banjo, mandolin, and fiddle. A true heartland gem, bluegrass continues to thrive on festival circuits worldwide.

6

Rhythm and Blues

Image: Matthijs Smit

Rhythm and Blues, or R&B, evolved from blues and jazz in the 1940s, featuring soulful vocals and a strong, "insistent" backbeat. Though its boundaries have been historically difficult to define, it laid the foundation for rock, soul, and funk while remaining a powerhouse in American music for generations.

7

Gospel

Image: Iyinoluwa Onaeko

Rooted in African American church traditions, gospel music emerged in the early 20th century, blending spirituals with blues and jazz influences. Artists like Mahalia Jackson and The Staple Singers were among the first to bring gospel beyond church walls, paving the way for future soul and rock musicians.

8

Soul

Image: Kobe Subramaniam

A direct descendant of gospel and R&B, soul music took center stage in the 1960s with its mix of emotional vocals and deep grooves. Legends like Aretha Franklin and James Brown defined the genre, influencing everything from funk to modern pop.

9

Funk

Image: Krisztián Reischl

Emerging in the 1960s, funk placed a strong emphasis on groove and rhythm, featuring heavy basslines and syncopated beats made for dancing. Pioneers like James Brown, Parliament-Funkadelic, and Sly & The Family Stone helped popularize the genre, whose infectious rhythms later influenced disco, hip-hop, and even rock.

10

Disco

Image: Honey Fangs

Rising in the 1970s, disco blended soul, funk, and Latin influences into a beat-driven, club-friendly sound. More than just a music genre, it became a cultural movement centered on dance, freedom, and glamour. At its peak, artists like Donna Summer and the Bee Gees dominated the airwaves.