1

Migratory frenzy

Image: George Henry Burgess, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The California gold rush triggered one of the largest mass migration waves in US history, with an estimated 300,000 people moving to the West Coast in just a few years . On January 24, 1848, a carpenter called James W. Marshall found gold at a sawmill in Coloma. The news reached the East Coast in August and, in December, President James Knox Polk officially confirmed it to Congress.

As a result, by early 1849, thousands of would-be prospectors —known as the ‘49ers’— started flooding the state every day. In January 1848, San Francisco had 800 residents; by the end of 1850 it had some 25,000 , many of them living in shacks and tents. Although most of the newly arrived were Americans, the gold rush attracted people from other parts of the world like Latin America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Thanks to this boom, California started to grow fast, building new roads, towns, churches, schools, and hospitals.

2

No place for a lady?

Image: Popular Graphic Arts, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

People in the 19th century considered the California goldfields lifestyle a bit too harsh for women, so there is not much testimony of them being involved in gold-digging . Only 700 of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship to the San Francisco Bay in 1849 were women. Some came with their husbands and families, but others were just seeking adventure.

Many of the few women living in California around this time were widows. Men frequently died in mining accidents, disputes, and diseases and the women would be left alone and in need of a job. During the gold rush, women ran profitable businesses like sewing, laundry, food preparation, and boarding houses. Others would be in high demand to work in brothels and saloons, serving drinks to the hundreds of lonely gold diggers.

3

Millionaires overnight

Image: Hans

Well, not exactly overnight, but pretty quickly. Brothers John and Daniel Murphy were two adventurous early California pioneers who got into the history books for having mined about $1.5 million —around $56 million today— worth of gold in a year. Within a very short period of time, they became prosperous men and influential figures in the area.

The town of Murphys —about 140 miles East of San Francisco— is named after them and is considered one of the oldest and most important of all the Gold Rush camps in the Golden State . Nowadays, this charming little town is a must-stop for tourists on their way to the mountains looking to travel back in time.

4

Blue Jeans become popular

Image: SwellMap, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

In 1853 a Jewish peddler called Levi Strauss arrived in California looking for sale opportunities derived from the Gold Rush. Does the name ring a bell? A couple of years later, with the help of a tailor called Jacob Davis, he invented the garment of choice for Forty-Niners and cowboys: the blue jeans . By the end of 1873, thousands of San Franciscans were wearing these iconic durable pants, and the name "Levi's" was registered as a trademark.

Although Levi Strauss didn't exactly get rich by mining gold, he found a way to earn a fortune from it. Blue jeans —originally called "waist-high overalls"— came to represent the untamed American West. Over the years, not only workers would adopt them: kids, women, and even Hollywood stars owned at least a pair. And now, over a century and a half later, blue jeans are still an international symbol of youth, freedom, and independence .

5

The first international financial crisis

Image: Zlaťáky.cz

In just a few years, the 1849-1855 Gold Rush radically transformed California, the United States, and the world. The influx of gold served as an accelerant for U.S. economic development and enabled massive investment in public buildings, schools, and the construction of a railroad across the country. However, by the mid-1850s the world economy was so interconnected that any event could cause an international crisis.

In 1857, a crash in British banks, the speculation on railroad stock, and the sinking of SS Central America —a ship transporting a huge amount of gold—, among other incidents, triggered the first international financial crisis, known as the "Panic of 1857" . As a result, the northern domestic economy took a significant hit. However, by 1859, the Panic began to level off, and the economy began to stabilize.

6

Mark Twain struck literary gold

Image: unattributed, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Did you know that one of the greatest American authors became a writer after failing as a gold miner? Samuel Clemens —a.k.a. Mark Twain—, was only one of the thousands of men who moved West during the Gold Rush in hopes of making a fortune . In 1861 he followed his brother Orion all the way to Virginia City, Nevada where he became a miner. Things didn’t go very well so he ended up working for the local newspaper, and started using the pen name by which he is remembered to this day.

Twain moved to San Francisco in 1864 and came in contact with other writers like Bret Harte and Artemus Ward. His experience in the American West inspired several of his works , such as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) —which brought him national attention— and Roughing It (1872). Although he didn’t become rich finding gold, Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing.

7

Who really got rich?

Image: Unsplash

As romantic as it may sound, migrating to a new land to find gold and get rich does not necessarily mean instant success. In fact, only a few made their fortune mining gold . For most of the Forty-Niners, arriving in California during the rush was synonymous with disappointment. The lucky minority that found some gold went on expensive trips or wasted their money on poor-quality alcohol and food at the saloons of the American West, becoming broke pretty quickly.

The people who actually managed to amass some wealth during the California Gold Rush were the ones who took advantage of the opportunities surrounding the growth of cities and the financial bubble . For example, entrepreneurial merchants would open businesses to satisfy the demands of the newly arrived prospectors. America’s greatest industrialists, on the other hand, became millionaires by investing in real estate or the new railroads. Besides, in the years following the rush, mining was no longer done by adventurous individuals, but by big companies with new technology.

8

A city built out of ships

Image: G.F. Nesbitt & Co., printer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

In the mid-19th century, a great number of ships arrived in California from all over the world packed with people in search of fortune. At the same time, the gold rush brought rapid growth and San Francisco soon became one of the world's great seaports, dominating shipping in the American West. These gold-seekers didn’t exactly have a return ticket, so lots of boats started to pile up on the Bay .

A few of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were sunk or buried and now can be found beneath the Embarcadero and Financial District . Others were repurposed to serve as storeships, saloons, and hotels, or their debris was used to build houses, jails, and banks. Even today, archeologists continue to discover fragments and entire ships underneath the streets of San Francisco.

9

Death Valley, a winter tragedy

Image: Marina Šurniene

Do you know where the "Death Valley" name comes from? This desert valley in the northern Mojave Desert, in Eastern California, is thought to be the hottest place on Earth. However, it was not named after its summer temps but for a winter disaster. It was a group of prospectors who got lost looking for a shortcut to the goldfields of California in the winter of 1849-1850, that gave Death Valley its grim name.

Even before the Gold Rush, California attracted settlers searching for a new life. In 1846, a group of pioneers known as the Donner Party became snowbound and nearly half of them eventually died of starvation and exposure. A few years later, although scared and forewarned by this experience, a new group ventured across the desert. While this time around the journey was not so deadly, they suffered a few mishaps that led them to nickname the area Death Valley.

10

Found gold? Have yourself a Hangtown Fry!

Image: Ivan Shemereko

According to the legend, this famous omelet cooked with bacon and topped with fried oysters was created in El Dorado Hotel in Hangtown —today’s Placerville— after a prospector claimed to have found gold. To celebrate, he demanded to be served expensive food, so the cook put together a dish with the fanciest ingredients he had at hand: eggs were delicate and therefore very valuable; bacon was shipped from the East Coast; and oysters were brought fresh from San Francisco, over 100 miles away.

Since then, the Hangtown Fry has continued to be served at many of the local restaurants . Although now you can find versions with onions, bell peppers, and spices, this iconic dish has remained practically the same as it was during the Gold Rush more than a century and a half ago. Have you tried it?

1

Eureka

Image: Maarten van den Heuvel

The unmistakable Californian Eureka isn't English; it's Greek and translates to "I have found it!" This accurate expression is deeply connected to something that became a symbol of the state in the 19th century: gold.

It is said that the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes was doing experiments to define the density of pure gold when he decided to take a bath. Suddenly, a revelation came to his mind. According to legend, Archimedes forgot to get dressed and started to run through the streets to the joyous yell of "Eureka!"

The Gold Rush that occurred in California in the 19th century gave rise to the motto of this state. The story goes that, in 1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold in Coloma, and his scream of "Eureka!" was soon heard. While adopted informally much earlier, this expression became California's official motto in 1963.

2

Crescit Eundo

Image: Joseph Corl

Greek is not the only ancient language that shapes U.S. states' mottos. Latin also appears, seen in expressions like New Mexico's Crescit Eundo.

This motto in Latin translates to "It grows as it goes"and was chosen because it strongly represents the ideals and aspirations of this southwestern state. This meaningful expression was adopted as a hallmark of this region as early as the 19th century , reflected in early versions of the territorial seal long before New Mexico became one of the 50 states.

Thus, New Mexico demonstrates its belief that advancement and progress come with time and effort, a conviction held both historically and currently.

3

Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem

Image: Pascal Bernardon

Latin is here again, this time giving life to the official state motto of Massachusetts.

The Bay State's lengthy motto, Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem , has a beautiful meaning: "By the sword, we seek peace, but peace only under liberty." This expression represents the commitment the state of Massachusetts has always had, as one of the sites where the feeling of freedom and the demand for independence arose and grew.

This great motto was chosen in the late 18th century, during the tumultuous colonial era. With independence as its banner, Massachusetts has always defended the nation with strength and determination, something reflected in its motto from the earliest days of the Revolution to the present day.

4

Animis Opibusque Parati/ Dum Spiro Spero

Image: Terry Granger

South Carolina is one of the states that has more than one motto. This state has two, both incorporated in its state seal, both adopted during the Revolutionary years, and both in Latin .

Animis Opibusque Parati carries a powerful meaning: "Prepared in Mind and Resources." This expression reflects the mental, physical, and spiritual strength colonial men had to fight in the Revolutionary War and the importance of possessing the necessary resources when doing so.

For its part, Dum Spiro Spero brings a beautiful and poetic definition: "While I Breathe, I Hope." This message of hope , which emerged in the context of the Revolution, highlights the fight was always fueled by a desire for freedom and the hope of victory.

5

Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono

Image: Pascal Debrunner

No one can deny the beauty and charm of Hawaii. Its lands, volcanoes, and beaches, everything there seems magical.

Their motto, Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono , was officially adopted in 1959 when Hawaii became the 50th state of our country. It reflects the lifestyle of its inhabitants and their commitment to preserving their home, as we see it.

This Hawaiian expression translates to "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." According to this powerful statement, the land is maintained by the right values and actions of the people who inhabit it. The people's goodness and morality are reflected in the land's health and virtue .

6

Ditat Deus

Image: Gautier Salles

Ditat Deus , Latin for "God enriches," has been with us for a long time: since Arizona became a territory in 1863. The expression was chosen during the period when the territorial seal was designed, reflecting the spiritual and religious values of the era.

In addition to that statement, the Arizona state seal also features a dam, irrigated fields, cattle grazing, a mill, and a miner. The idea of divine richness is associated with Arizona's plentiful natural resources, which have contributed to its growth and prosperity . Thus, when Arizona became one of the 50 states, this motto was chosen again, reaffirming its symbolic importance for the state.

7

Oro y Plata

Image: Steven Cordes

It's not all about Latin and Greek here; there is also room for Spanish . And that's the language the state of Montana chose for its official motto!

Montana is called "The Treasure State" for a good reason. As many know, Oro y Plata is Spanish for "Gold and Silver." Like Arizona, Montana chose to highlight the resources that made its development and growth possible, which is reflected in both its seal and its motto.

Thus, the state pays homage to its tradition of precious metal mining . Now you're probably wondering, "And why in Spanish?" Well, it turns out that Montana has a diverse cultural history, and the early Hispanic settlers played an essential role in Montana's mining industry during the 19th century. In fact, the state's name comes from the Spanish word montaña , which simply means "mountain."

8

Sic semper tyrannis

Image: Zachary Spears

Latin is back in this list, this time to embody the powerful motto of the state of Virginia.

Adopted in the 18th century along with its seal, the motto Sic Semper Tyrannis translates to "Thus Always to Tyrants." Some sources state that this phrase was used during the establishment of the Roman Republic in the 6th century BCE when the monarchs were overthrown and expelled.

The story goes that George Mason, one of the Founding Fathers of our country, was inspired by Roman history to coin this phrase and designate it to define Virginia's ideals. Yes, you guessed right, the defiant expression was adopted in the context of the Revolution , making it clear that America would never again accept oppressive rule over its shoulders.

9

Regnat populus

Image: Tommy Bond

Freedom and independence are fundamental values for our country and for each state in particular.

Thus, the state of Arkansas also plants its flag with its Latin official motto, Regnat Populus , meaning nothing less than "The People Rule." Arkansas affirms that the power belongs to the inhabitants of these lands, highlighting the importance of civil participation in the affairs of the state.

This motto, adopted in the 19th century,embodies the ideals of sovereign, democratic, consensual, and fair governance.

10

Labor omnia vincit

Image: Peter Kleinau

Oklahoma became the 46th state of our country in 1907 . It was in that same year that the state adopted its official motto, Labor omnia vincit , Latin for "Labor/Work Conquers All Things."

The phrase appears in the iconic '' Georgics'' by Roman poet Virgil , who expressed "Labor omnia vicit / improbus'' to support Augustus Caesar and advise Romans to work the land.

Oklahoma's motto honors the state's agricultural history and encourages perseverance in pursuing goals, reflecting the values of hard work and dedication.

1

We Didn’t Start the Fire

Image: Dane Deaner

Although Billy Joel is one of America’s favorite songwriters, he is often very vocal about pointing out the flaws he finds in his early hits. He even found fault with the timeless " Piano Man, " which earned him his nickname, due to a melody he finds repetitive and lyrics he compares to limericks.

He assures that he doesn’t hold grudges against his own songs, but he did point out that he thought the melody of "We Didn’t Start the Fire" was "terrible" and compared it to a dentist’s drill . He says the only redeeming quality of that song is the lyrics—those famous rapid-fire lists of historical events from the ‘40s to the ‘80s.

2

Shiny Happy People

Image: Nathan Dumlao

R.E.M. created "Shiny Happy People" with a satirically overly positive tone . It was a hit back in the ‘90s upon its release, but it always remained a bit of an oddball in the band’s otherwise more introspective and serious records.

The cheerful tune has been quoted endlessly in movies and TV shows. Even the sitcom Friends considered making it its theme song! But singer Michael Stipe expressed little love for what he called "a bubblegum pop song." Stipe went as far as to say that he "hates" the song and sees it as a fluke rather than a reflection of the band’s work. Although other members are less critical, the consensus is that "Shiny Happy People" is not R.E.M.’s proudest achievement.

3

Smells Like Teen Spirit

Image: Firmbee.com

Nirvana’s breakthrough hit, "Smells Like Teen Spirit," is often credited with launching the grunge movement and bringing alternative rock into the mainstream. The song's catchy riff and cryptic lyrics became an anthem of frustration and angst in the youth of the ‘90s. But Kurt Cobain, Nirvana's frontman, quickly grew to resent the famous song.

In a 1993 interview, staying true to his grunge persona, Cobain declared: "I can barely, especially on a bad night, get through ‘Teen Spirit.’ I literally want to throw my guitar down and walk away." He said he felt the song was too "mainstream" and polished, and nothing like the gritty authenticity he had envisioned for Nirvana—something that shone through in the band’s less popular work.

4

What’s Love Got to Do with It

Image: Pixabay

"What’s Love Got to Do with It" was first offered to Donna Summer, but it was Tina Turner who made history with it in the ‘80s. Initially, though, she thought it wasn’t the right track for her. She once confessed: "I didn’t like it at first. It was a pop song. I’m a rock ’n’ roll singer. "

However, her manager convinced her to record it. Her reluctance was such that she only did a few takes of it, convinced it would be a filler track in her album. We now know how wrong she was. The hit ended up redefining her career, so successful that it inspired the title of her 1993 biographical film, starring Angela Bassett as her.

5

(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)

Image: Colourblind Kevin

You would think that the satirical tone of this song would be obvious. It’s not hard to tell that the flatly yelled-out lyrics about hard-partying youth were poking fun at the frat culture of the time. But the joke went over many people’s heads, and it became an anthem of sorts for the culture it meant to make fun of.

This irritated the Beastie Boys, particularly because the song became their breakout hit. Band member Adam Yauch explained that the whole song was "a joke that got out of hand." They felt the song misrepresented their style, which is why they avoided playing it live in later years.

6

Strangers in the Night

Image: Ethan Rougon

Frank Sinatra did not shy away from expressing his distaste for one of his biggest hits. He disliked "Strangers in the Night" from the start, explaining to the writer that he didn’t like the lyrics and requesting that they be changed. But the process was rushed, and he had to record the version as it was. It became an instant award-winning, chart-topping hit.

Still, the singer despised it. He reportedly muttered disparaging comments about it during live performances. People speculated that his famous addition of the scat "doo-be-doo-be-doo" was a spontaneous attempt to add some grace to a song he was so tired of.

7

Dream On

Image: Rombo

"Dream On" was a major hit for Aerosmith and helped the band’s career skyrocket in the ‘70s. It was written by lead singer Steven Tyler long before Aerosmith had formed or signed any record deal: He was 18 years old when he finished writing it. But years later, after the band recorded it, guitarist Joe Perry, in his words, "wasn’t crazy about it" for a long time.

He mentioned in interviews that the song was too soft and slow compared to the rock music he wanted to be playing. He admitted that he would have preferred that the band triumph with a more hard-core rock song, but wasn’t too sad about it, because, as he said, "a hit is a hit."

8

Under the Bridge

Image: Roberto Nickson

"Under the Bridge" is a soft, personal song that stands out in the repertoire of Red Hot Chili Peppers. According to the legend, the album’s producer discovered lead singer Anthony Kiedis’ poem about walking around L.A. when he was feeling down. The producer insisted that the lyrics were worthy of a song, and soon the whole band helped finish arranging it.

But Kiedis wasn’t so excited about sharing such an introspective song. In his memoir book, he shared that sharing such an intimate, contemplative song made him feel vulnerable, and felt it was too personal to perform on stage. This caused the band some trouble over the years, as fans always had something to say when the band skipped the song during performances.

9

Where Did Our Love Go

Image: Angelina Yan

Before "Where Did Our Love Go" was released, The Supremes were struggling to break into the mainstream. Their label had started referring to them as the "no-hit Supremes." To make matters worse, the trio didn’t like this particular low-energy song and thought nothing would come of it. But the relatable lyrics, amped by Diana Ross's lead vocals, transformed the song into a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

Before this, the group was used to performing upbeat, high-energy songs, like "Buttered Popcorn" or "I Want a Guy." In comparison, their first hit had a subdued tempo and a different identity. But, as producers had expected, the song worked. The Supremes went on to become the best-charting female group in history!

10

Sweet Child O’ Mine

Image: Jay Wennington

"Sweet Child O’ Mine" was written by Guns N’ Roses' lead vocalist Axl Rose about his then-girlfriend Erin Everly. The song was originally created from a simple guitar riff by Slash, which he had come up with during a jam session. It went on to become a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

But guitarist Slash was never a huge fan of the song. He admitted that his famous riff was okay, but that the whole song felt like it belonged to another band’s style, not theirs. Of course, the general audience loved it and it became a huge hit compared to their hard rock songs. Over time, though, Slash grew to love it because of the immense impact it had on Guns N’ Roses’ career.