1

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Image: Girl with red hat

Set against the backdrop of the Roaring Twenties, The Great Gatsby captures the essence of an era defined by opulence and excess. The story follows Jay Gatsby, a wealthy and enigmatic man known for his lavish parties in West Egg, Long Island. Gatsby's unrelenting love for Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful and charming former debutante, drives the narrative forward.

As secrets unravel, the novel paints a stark picture of the American Dream's corruption , showcasing the moral decay hidden beneath the glitz and glamor of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald's prose is both lyrical and poignant , making The Great Gatsby a timeless critique of ambition, love, and loss.

2

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger

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In J.D. Salinger's classic novel, The Catcher in the Rye , readers are introduced to Holden Caulfield, a teenager navigating the complexities of adolescence in 1950s New York City. Expelled from his prestigious boarding school, Holden embarks on a journey through the city, encountering a series of characters who highlight his deep sense of alienation and disillusionment with the adult world.

His candid, often cynical narrative voice offers a raw and honest look at the struggles of growing up. Salinger's portrayal of Holden's inner turmoil and his quest for authenticity amidst the phoniness of society has resonated with readers for decades, making it a perennial bestseller and a touchstone of modern American literature.

3

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Image: Kabiur Rahman Riyad

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a beloved classic that delves into themes of racism and morality through the eyes of young Scout Finch. Set in 1930s Alabama, the story follows Scout, her brother Jem, and their father, Atticus Finch, who is defending a black man, Tom Robinson, falsely accused of raping a white woman.

The novel shines through its memorable characters, especially the wise and principled Atticus and the curious, brave Scout. Lee’s writing is engaging, mixing humor and serious themes to paint a vivid picture of a small Southern town grappling with injustice.

To Kill a Mockingbird is a must-read for its powerful storytelling. It’s a book that challenges you to reflect on your values and the world around you, all while telling a captivating story.

4

Moby Dick by Herman Melville

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Moby Dick is a tale of obsession and adventure on the high seas. The novel chronicles the journey of Ishmael, a sailor aboard the whaling ship Pequod, commanded by the enigmatic and vengeful Captain Ahab. Ahab's single-minded pursuit of the great white whale, Moby Dick, drives the crew into treacherous waters and difficult situations.

Through its richly detailed narrative and profound symbolism, the story explores themes of revenge, humanity, and the sublime power of nature. Melville's masterful storytelling and deep philosophical insights make Moby Dick a cornerstone of American literature and a compelling read for those who seek both adventure and reflection.

5

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

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Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath transports readers to the heart of the Dust Bowl era, painting a vivid portrait of the Joad family's journey from the barren plains of Oklahoma to the promise of a better life in California. Through the trials and tribulations of the Joads, Steinbeck exposes the harsh realities of poverty, displacement, and the exploitation of migrant workers during the Great Depression.

The novel's timeless themes of resilience, solidarity, and the pursuit of dignity resonate with readers across generations. Steinbeck's evocative prose and deeply human characters make The Grapes of Wrath a classic that continues to captivate audiences worldwide.

6

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

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Set during World War II, Joseph Heller's satirical masterpiece introduces us to Captain John Yossarian, a bombardier stationed on the fictional island of Pianosa. Yossarian's attempts to maintain his sanity in the face of bureaucratic absurdity and the arbitrary nature of military logic form the crux of the narrative.

The term "Catch-22" itself becomes a symbol of the absurdity and paradoxes inherent in the military system, where airmen are trapped in a no-win situation. Heller's dark humor and biting wit make Catch-22 a captivating and thought-provoking read, offering insights into the absurdities of war and the human condition. With its unconventional structure and memorable characters, this novel has rightfully earned its place as a classic American bestseller.

7

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner

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William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury delves into the tragic decline of the Compson family, Southern aristocrats grappling with personal and social disintegration. Set in Mississippi, the novel's innovative structure and stream-of-consciousness technique vividly capture the inner turmoil of its characters.

Each of the four sections offers a unique perspective, primarily through the eyes of the Compson siblings: Benjy, Quentin, and Jason. Their stories weave a complex tapestry of time, memory, and loss, reflecting broader themes of identity and change in the American South. Faulkner's masterful storytelling makes The Sound and the Fury a poignant exploration of family, pride, and the inexorable passage of time.

8

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

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Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a seminal work in American literature, offering a vivid depiction of life along the Mississippi River in the mid-19th century. The novel follows the journey of Huckleberry Finn, a young boy who fakes his own death to escape his abusive father; and Jim, a runaway slave seeking freedom. Together, they embark on a raft adventure, encountering a series of colorful characters and challenging societal norms along the way. Through Huck's eyes, Twain addresses themes of race, identity, and moral growth with a blend of humor and biting social commentary.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn remains a powerful exploration of freedom and friendship, celebrated for its authentic vernacular and enduring impact.

9

Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov

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Lolita is a provocative and masterfully written novel that describes the complexities of obsession and desire. The story is narrated by Humbert Humbert, a literature professor with a disturbing infatuation for the twelve-year-old Dolores Haze, who he nicknames Lolita.

Through Humbert's eloquent yet unreliable narration, Nabokov (a Russian expatriate who became an American citizen in 1945) explores themes of manipulation, guilt, and the dark side of human nature. The novel's controversial subject matter is handled with linguistic brilliance, making it a compelling and thought-provoking read.

Despite its challenging themes, Lolita remains a significant work for its literary artistry and its unflinching look at the intricacies of forbidden love.

10

Beloved by Tony Morrison

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Beloved is a masterpiece that beautifully intertwines the horrors of slavery with the power of love and memory. The novel, set after the American Civil War, follows Sethe, an escaped slave, as she grapples with the haunting presence of her past.

Morrison's lyrical prose and profound storytelling bring to life the emotional and psychological scars of slavery, making the reader feel deeply connected to the characters. The ghost of Sethe's daughter, Beloved, serves as a powerful symbol of unresolved trauma and the enduring need for reconciliation.

While the themes are heavy, Morrison's compassionate and poetic approach offers a sense of hope and resilience. Beloved is a poignant reminder of the strength of the human spirit and the importance of confronting our history with honesty and empathy. It's a must-read for anyone who appreciates deeply moving and thought-provoking literature.

1

The Show-Me State

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Missouri’s license plates contain one of the strangest state nicknames in our list: The Show-Me State. Does that speak of residents with a no-nonsense, skeptical character? In part. This title can be traced back to 1899, when U.S. Congressman Willard Duncan Vandiver used the phrase in a speech, implying that Missourians aren't easily swayed by "frothy eloquence" and need proof, saying, "I am from Missouri. You have got to show me. "

Since then, though "Show-Me State" isn't an official legislative title, it has been recognized as part of the state’s identity. Beyond this nickname, Missouri also holds others such as "The Cave State" due to its large number of caves, and "The Mother of the West" because of its historical significance in westward expansion.

2

The Hoosier State

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Indiana is famously known as "The Hoosier State", though the origin of this monicker is one of the most debated topics in the state’s history. One popular theory attributes it to a canal contractor named Samuel Hoosier, who preferred to hire workers from Indiana. These laborers were known as "Hoosier’s men," which eventually shortened to "Hoosiers."

Others say it came from the frontier slang word hoozer , meaning "someone from a rural area". Whichever version is real, "Hoosier" gained popularity in the 1830s through a poem titled The Hoosier's Nest by John Finley, which celebrated Indiana’s rural charm. The "Hoosier Dome" (now the site of Lucas Oil Stadium) and companies like the Hoosier Bat Company embraced the nickname. Indiana is sometimes also known as the "Crossroads of America" for being a key geographical center for major highways.

3

The Beehive State

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The nickname "Beehive State" has roots in Utah's founding by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). When these settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, they viewed the beehive as an emblem of industriousness, unity, connection, and hard work —qualities they wanted their new society to represent.

The other term used to reference all things Utah is "Deseret," with a similar story: the term appeared in the Book of Mormon standing for "honeybee." It’s also the reason why the state’s motto is "Industry", and features an illustration of a beehive in the center of the state’s flag.

4

The Land of 10,000 Lakes

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Minnesota actually has around 11,842 lakes , excluding smaller ponds and wetlands. But calling it "The Land of Over 11,842 Lakes" would have been a nuisance. This nickname evokes the territory’s vast natural beauty: The catchy term was adopted as part of a strategic tourism campaign in the early 20th century, aiming to get more Americans to visit the state. With the automobile industry booming, Minnesota promoted itself as a destination for camping, boating, and fishing.

The slogan helped create a reputation for Minnesota as a water paradise and led to the formation of the Ten Thousand Lakes of Minnesota Association in 1917, which spread the message of the joys of lakeside vacations. Within a decade, Minnesota's lakes were drawing visitors from across the country. The state is also sometimes called "The North Star State" or L'Étoile du Nord for being the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

5

The Empire State

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The Empire State is New York's longstanding nickname. It’s hard to dispute: it stands for the state’s significant economic, cultural, and historical influence. Though the exact origin of the nickname remains unclear, it’s believed to have stemmed from a comment by George Washington in 1785, where he referred to New York as the "Seat of the Empire" in recognition of its central role in the post-Revolutionary War. With time, this expression grew into the nickname "Empire State".​

The famous Empire State Building is an example of the prevalence of the nickname: The iconic skyscraper was completed in 1931 and held the title of the world's tallest building for several decades. The Empire State Plaza in Albany, a government complex, is another example. New York also goes by other nicknames, including "The Excelsior State," referencing the state motto, "Excelsior," meaning "ever upward."

6

The Pelican State

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How many pelicans does it take to earn a full state this nickname? It is said that early settlers were impressed not just by the amount of birds in the territory’s bayou, but by the nurturing character that the birds showed. The brown pelican eventually became the state’s official bird and prominent emblem. It was endangered in the '60s, but fortunately, thanks to the state’s efforts in banning the pesticides that harmed them, the population was restored.

Louisiana also has other descriptive nicknames. It’s known as "The Bayou State" for its lush marshlands, "The Creole State" for its unique culture, and "The Sportsman’s Paradise."

7

The Lone Star State

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The "Lone Star" reflects Texas's struggle for independence from Mexico , when Texas briefly became its own republic before joining the United States in 1845. This star stood as a symbol of pride and the determination for self-governance. Today, it still shines bright in the middle of Texas’ flag.

Texas has a few other nicknames, though they’re less well-known. In the 1960s, The New Yorker called it the "Super-American State". Texas has also been called "The Beef State" and "The Jumbo State".

8

The Golden State

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Is it because of the beautiful sunsets tainting the Pacific Coast in a golden light? Well, no. California’s nickname, "The Golden State," refers to multiple facets of its history. Most prominently, it alludes to the California Gold Rush of 1848-1855, a period that saw thousands flock to the state. Gold remains a powerful symbol in California, commemorated by the state’s official colors, blue and gold, representing the state’s skies, beaches, and mineral wealth.

The state also boasts an official fish, the California golden trout, and a butterfly, the California dogface butterfly, whose hues contribute to this golden theme. There are other unofficial names, such as "The Land of Milk and Honey" and "The Grape State."

9

The Sunshine State

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Who could dispute this nickname? Florida boasts an impressive average of 237 sunny days a year, so of course we would refer to it as "The Sunshine State." Florida's year-round pleasant weather has positioned it as a top destination for those seeking a break from colder regions, especially in winter. But technically, Florida isn’t the sunniest state —that title goes to Arizona .

Before settling on "The Sunshine State," Florida had other, less recognized nicknames, including the "Alligator State" and "Everglade State." Today, the "Sunshine State" nickname supports Florida’s brand as a sunny paradise, though it’s worth noting that its climate also includes frequent rain and thunderstorms, making it both sunny and tropically lush year-round.

10

The Natural State

Image: Jessica Garner

The state is renowned for its 52 state parks , lush forests, clear rivers, and diverse geography that includes everything from mountainous regions to bayous. Arkansas earned its official nickname, "The Natural State," in 1995, replacing "The Land of Opportunity." This new name aided in promoting it as a top destination for outdoor-enthusiast tourists.

Arkansas has had several other notable nicknames throughout its history. "The Bear State" was one of its earliest names, winking at the high number of black bears once found there. "The Wonder State" was adopted in the 1920s to highlight its natural wonders, and "The Land of Opportunity" came into use around the 1940s as part of an economic development initiative.​

1

"Buffalo Bill" Cody

Image: Illinois State University, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

If we had to name the most famous cowboy in history , Buffalo Bill Cody would probably be a top contender. Throughout his lifetime, Cody greatly contributed to shaping the image we have of the American West.

Born in Iowa in 1846, he earned his nickname while working for the Union Pacific Railway, where railroad workers were amazed by his hunting skills. But history had bigger plans in store for Cody, and he would soon become an actor , traveling throughout the eastern United States performing plays based on stories of the Wild West for more than 30 years.

Eventually, poor business management and a certain change in popular interests led Buffalo Bill to ruin and he retired from show business just two months before his death in 1917. He was, however, mourned by millions of people who considered him a hero.

2

John Henry "Doc" Holliday

Image: Mehmet Turgut Kirkgoz

John Henry "Doc" Holliday was born in 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, into a wealthy family. He earned his Doctor of Dental Surgery degree in Philadelphia but was shortly thereafter diagnosed with tuberculosis and advised to live in the drier, hotter climate of the West.

In Dallas, Texas, he pursued his trade as a dentist but also discovered saloons and whiskey. Soon, realizing that gambling could be much more lucrative than dentistry, he began his professional gambling career.

The rest of his life was spent among crooks, gunfights, and jailmates in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. At only 36 years old, his lungs could not keep up with his gunslinging way of life and he finally met his death in 1887 in a hotel bed in Colorado. It is said that his last words were, "This is funny."

3

Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid

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The lives of Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid became legendary pretty quickly. As early as 1903, their exploits inspired the first modern film —Edwin S. Porter's _The Great Train Robbery_— and since then, their adventures have not ceased to be portrayed by popular culture. In a way, they symbolize the definitive end of the romanticized Western era at the hands of 20th-century industrialization and urbanization.

Both cowboys were members of a gang known as "The Wild Bunch," which earned them a reputation as bank and train robbers. According to lore, after several years of crime and run-ins with the law, the bandits managed to escape to Latin America. Eventually, they were caught and killed in Bolivia in 1908. The fact that their graves were never found helped fuel the myth that they had, in fact, returned to the United States and lived in anonymity for many more years.

4

Jesse James

Image: Steve

Jesse James's life is one of the most emblematic of the Wild West. His criminal career began after his involvement with pro-Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War. Along with the Younger brothers, he created a gang with which they robbed banks, trains, stagecoaches, and stores from Iowa to Texas and from Tennessee to California.

It is believed that throughout the years they netted more than a quarter of a million dollars. Despite the gory nature of their heists and murders, the gang often had public sympathy.

Jesse's death is as controversial as his life. At only 34 years old, he was shot in the back by one of his gang partners, who hoped to obtain a state reward in exchange for his betrayal. The public was not happy with the government conspiring to assassinate a citizen, no matter how criminal, and the matter became a scandal, resulting in Jesse James's rise to mythical status.

5

Annie Oakley

Image: International Film Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

From an early age, Phoebe Anne Oakley Moses, better known as Annie Oakley, took up hunting to help support her family. At the age of fifteen, she won a competition against the famous marksman Frank Butler, to whom she later married. Together, they appeared in several exhibitions across the country and, in 1885, joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West show.

Annie was able to open the edge of a letter, shatter glass balls thrown in the air, and hit dimes held between her husband's fingers or apples placed in her poodle's mouth by shooting from 30 paces away. Her life was so rich and fascinating that she was the inspiration for several movies and plays.

6

Billy the Kid

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According to legend, Henry McCarty, better known as Billy the Kid, killed at least 21 people during his career as a notorious outlaw in New Mexico. However, he cemented his place in the pantheon of frontier legends not so much for his murders as for his personality and incredible marksmanship skills.

Born in the late 1850s in the Irish slums of New York City, McCarty had to reinvent himself as a gunslinger after the death of his mother when he was just a teenager. His life and the events surrounding his death at the hands of legendary lawman Pat Garrett were immortalized in numerous films, books, and songs. In fact, Billy the Kid holds the record as the most portrayed individual in cinematic history.

7

Lucille Mulhall

Image: Melissa Walsh

By 1900, split riding skirts allowed women to compete in rodeos without shocking Victorian-era audiences. But the truth is that women have been participating in exhibitions even in the early days of the Old West.

Lucille Mulhall is considered America's first legendary cowgirl. Born in 1885, Lucille grew up on her family's ranch in Oklahoma, where she acquired her incredible cattle-roping skills. She began performing in shows as a teenager and, throughout her career, competed in many rodeos, setting a few roping world records.

8

Belle Starr

Image: Pixabay

Perhaps the most famous female gunslinger in the history of the West was Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr, better known as Belle Starr. Born in Missouri in 1848, Belle had a fairly well-to-do childhood and was a bright student. However, when her family moved to Texas after the Civil War, the young girl stumbled upon the James-Younger gang. After falling in love with Cole Younger, she became a member of the gang.

That love affair didn't last long, but a few others followed, which led her to live outside the law for the rest of her life. Her alleged riding and gun skills increased her fame throughout the country, turning her into a legend.

9

Wyatt Earp

Image: National Archives at College Park, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Wyatt Earp belonged to a large family whose members were famous for being gunfighters, gamblers, bison hunters, miners, and lawmen. While all were notorious Wild West characters, it was Wyatt's exploits that have gone down in history. His life is testimony to the ambiguity that prevailed at a time when there was no distinction between upholding the law and transgressing it.

After a long life traveling the American West as a deputy sheriff, bounty hunter, and saloon owner, in 1905 Wyatt settled permanently in Los Angeles, California. He became a film consultant in Hollywood, befriending producers, directors, and actors. It is even said that John Wayne took Earp’s stories as inspiration for some of the tough characters he portrayed on the big screen.

10

"Wild Bill" Hickok

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James Butler Hickok, better known as "Wild Bill," is a legendary folk hero thanks to the many stories that romanticized his life as a soldier, gunslinger, gambler, marshal, and actor. Over the years, his adventures have been retold numerous times in pop culture. The truth is that Hickok did more in his thirty-nine years of life than most who lived twice as long.

Since his birth in Illinois in 1837, he is said to have been involved in some of the most dramatic and, at the same time, most spectacular events in the history of the Wild West. His death, unsurprisingly, is also legendary. In 1876, while playing a game of poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, a man named Jack McCall shot him in the back of the head. The cards he was holding at the time —two pairs of Aces and black Eights— became the well-known "dead man's hand."