Culture Culture 6 min read

Wives of democracy

From Martha Washington to Melania Trump: 10 facts about the First Ladies

Image: Florida Memory / Cristina Staver

The contributions of America’s First Ladies are often overlooked. But every woman who has held the role has left a meaningful mark on the nation’s history. For that reason, we have decided to commemorate 10 First Ladies by bringing to the spotlight their achievements, their marriages, and their many strengths. While we would love to feature every single First Lady in this article, we would need much more space to do so. However, these 10 iconic women are often referred to as examples of the amazing characteristics that all First Ladies share. Without further ado, enjoy!

1
Martha Washington

Image: Boston Public Library, CC BY 2.0

Let’s begin with the inaugural first lady of our country. In May 1789, Martha Washington inaugurated the role of First Lady of the United States when she arrived in New York City to meet her husband, George Washington. Interestingly, the name "First Lady" wouldn’t be used until some time later. Instead, Martha was simply referred to as "Lady Washington".

As you would expect, Martha Washington installed practices that went on to become traditions held by many future First Ladies, including receptions to the general public on New Year’s Eve. Furthermore, President Washington asked Martha to hold special drawing room events at their residence. These social gatherings became instrumental in forming what was known as the "Republican Court" , an influential group of American intellectuals and politicians.

2
Rosalynn Carter

Image: Tatiana V. Konokotina, CC BY 4.0

According to Rosalynn Carter , she first became attracted to her husband, future president Jimmy Carter, when she saw him in a photograph dressed in his U.S. Navy uniform. What followed is a long and prosperous love story, which only ended in 2023 after Rosalynn passed away at the age of 96 years old.

During her tenure as First Lady, Rosalynn became an advocate for mental health and women’s rights, and she continued to support these causes through her work in the Carter Center. Both Rosalyn and President Carter were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999.

3
Barbara Bush

Image: NIAID, CC BY 2.0

Few First Ladies hold the honor of being both the wife and the mother of a U.S. President, and Barbara Bush is one of them. She served as the First Lady during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, who acted as the 41st U.S. President from 1989 to 1993.

Although she presented herself in an almost apolitical manner, Barbara often engaged in charity work, most notably in campaigns to fight illiteracy. After her husband’s presidency ended, she continued to work in campaigning for her sons, including our 43rd President, George W. Bush.

4
Eleanor Roosevelt

Image: FDR Presidential Library & Museum, CC BY 2.0

Eleanor Roosevelt is remembered as the longest-serving First Lady in U.S. history. However, the legacy of this amazing figure is not limited to this fact. Roosevelt is considered to be one of the most groundbreaking First Ladies in history, completely revolutionizing the function.

Roosevelt took an active role during her husband’s terms, actively engaging in public events, travels, and cultural activities. Not only that, she was instrumental in President Roosevelt’s involvement with the then-newly formed United Nations. Eleanor served as a delegate to the U.N. General Assembly, acting as the leading figure behind the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

5
Nancy Reagan

Image: Bill Varie, Los Angeles Times, CC BY 4.0

Just like her husband, Nancy Reagan’s career before the White House was filled with the glamour and excitement of Hollywood. Between the 1940s and 1950s, she starred in several blockbusters such as "The Next Voice You Hear...", "Night into Morning", and "Donovan ’ s Brain", acting under her maiden name, Nancy Davis.

In 1952, she married then-fellow actor Ronald Reagan, the president of the Screen Actors Guild at the time. Nancy first served as First Lady of California when her husband was governor of the state, and later on as First Lady of the country in 1981.

6
Lady Bird Johnson

Image: City of Boston Archives from West Roxbury, United States, CC BY 2.0

Some First Ladies (although not many) are better known by their nicknames, and that’s certainly the case with " Lady Bird" Johnson . Born Claudia Alta Taylor in Karnack, Texas, this First Lady’s nickname comes from the fact that her nursemaid apparently stated that young Claudia was "as pretty as a ladybird".

When she was in her early 20s, Lady Bird met a young congressional aide named Lyndon B. Johnson after a mutual friend introduced them. The First Lady would later declare that she felt "like a moth drawn to a flame" on that first meeting. A few weeks after their first dates, the couple married and went on to have two daughters, Lynda Bird and Luci Baines.

7
Jackie Kennedy

Image: Florida Memory

For many Americans, First Ladies are the pinnacle of glamour. Their impeccable manners and warm personalities perfectly match their classy outfits. In that sense, Jacqueline "Jackie" Kennedy is considered to this day an international icon, known for her daring yet elegant attire and her devotion to their family and her country.

Jackie met President Kennedy, then U.S. Representative for Massachusetts, at a dinner party held by journalist Charles L. Bartlett. A year later, in 1953, the couple married in an event that was listed as the social event of the season. Jackie took a rather active role in her duties as First Lady. She conducted a massive restoration process of the White House and often joined her husband on many trips abroad, becoming a beloved cultural ambassador for America.

8
Hillary Clinton

Image: Hillary for Iowa, CC BY 2.0

Hillary Clinton is definitively the person on this list with the most political experience. She was Secretary of State, Senator for the State of New York, and presidential candidate. However, we shouldn’t overlook the fact that she dutifully served as First Lady of the United States while her husband was in the White House.

While the world knew her as Hillary Rodham, she entered Yale Law School in the early 70s, where she met a fellow law student by the name of William "Bill" Clinton. They married in 1975 and welcomed their only daughter, Chelsea, in 1980.

9
Michelle Obama

Image: Tim Pierce from Berlin, MA, USA, CC BY 2.0

Following her graduation from Princeton University, a young lawyer by the name of Michelle LaVaughn Robinson started working in a Chicago law firm, focusing on marketing and intellectual property law. During her time in this office, she met another young lawyer named Barack Obama. Did any of them know that they were meeting their future spouse?

Let’s now jump to the year 2009: Barack Obama was the first African-American President of our country, and Michelle Obama became the First Lady of the United States. During her time in the White House, Michelle took a stand against many difficulties, like poverty, childhood obesity, and illiteracy.

10
Betty Ford

Image: Image courtesy of Betty Ford Center, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons

Elizabeth Anne "Betty" Ford assumed the role of Second Lady when her husband, Gerald Ford, served as Vice President to Richard Nixon (1973-1974), and she became the First Lady when Nixon resigned from the presidency in August 1974.

However unexpected her rise to the role was, Betty Ford is fondly remembered as one of the most courageous First Ladies of our country; she was not afraid to speak her mind and get involved in politics. During her time in the White House, she became known as a passionate defender of the Equal Rights Amendment, as well as a public spokesperson for breast cancer awareness.

History History 6 min read

Where did the cowboy really come from? 10 icons with surprising histories

Image: RDNE Stock project

When we think of classic American culture, certain images come to mind: a lone cowboy riding into a desert sunset, the neon glow of a fast-food hamburger sign, or fireworks lighting up the sky on the Fourth of July. These symbols are deeply woven into the fabric of the American identity; however, many of the items, songs, and traditions we consider quintessentially American were actually borrowed, adapted, or completely invented by other cultures long before they crossed the Atlantic. Here is the surprising history behind ten "All-American" staples that actually have deep roots abroad.

1
Cowboys

Image: W. Herbert Dunton, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The image of the rugged cowboy is arguably the ultimate symbol of the American West, popularized by folklore and Hollywood westerns. Yet, the entire lifestyle and wardrobe of the classic cowboy were inherited from Mexican cattle herders, known as vaqueros.

When Anglo-American settlers moved into Texas and California in the 19th century, they encountered Spanish and Mexican ranching methods that had existed for generations. The settlers adopted these traditions immediately. The iconic cowboy hat evolved from the wide-brimmed sombrero; "chaps" came directly from the protective chaparreras; and the lasso was an adaptation of the reata. Even the language of the West reveals its origin: terms like rodeo, lariat, mustang, and buckaroo (a phonetic corruption of vaquero) are all borrowed from Spanish.

2
Skyscrapers

Image: Shrewsbury Flaxmill Maltings by Sandy Gerrard, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The towering skyscrapers of New York and Chicago defined 20th-century urban modernity and American architectural dominance. While American engineers perfected the high-rise and invented the safety elevator, the structural engineering that made skyscrapers possible belongs to Great Britain.

Before a building can safely scale dozens of stories, it requires an internal skeleton to support its weight. The world’s first iron-framed building was actually the Ditherington Flax Mill in Shropshire, England, constructed in 1797. British engineers pioneered the use of internal cast iron columns and beams to make textile mills fireproof. This exact framework was later adapted and upgraded to steel by American architects to create the modern skyline.

3
Hamburgers

Image: Valeria Boltneva

Nothing says America like a juicy hamburger. While the fast food industry turned the burger into a multi-billion-dollar business, the dish is firmly rooted in European maritime history.

The clue is right there in the name: the hamburger originates from the port city of Hamburg, Germany. In the 19th century, Hamburg was a major transatlantic departure point. German immigrants travelling to the United States brought along a popular regional delicacy called the "Hamburg steak", a seasoned, minced beef patty that was grilled or fried. Once in America, creative food vendors realized that placing this German steak between two slices of bread made it the perfect portable meal for busy industrial workers.

4
The rocket takeoff countdown

Image: NASA

The dramatic "T-minus ten seconds and counting" ritual heard during NASA launches feels like a product of pure Cold War American aerospace engineering. However, counting backward to build suspense wasn’t invented by scientists, but by a German filmmaker.

Director Fritz Lang introduced the concept of the countdown in his 1929 silent science fiction masterpiece, Woman in the Moon . During the film’s rocket launch scene, Lang realized that counting forward felt anticlimactic. To maximize dramatic tension, he decided to count down to zero instead. Years later, when German rocket scientists immigrated to the U.S. to help build the American space program, they brought this technique into real-life mission control rooms.

5
The song "My Way"

Image: Brett Sayles

Frank Sinatra’s legendary 1969 hit "My Way" is considered the ultimate anthem of the self-made American man. But before Ol’ Blue Eyes put his spin on it, the melody belonged to a melancholy French pop song.

The original tune, titled "Comme d'habitude" ("As Usual"), was composed by Jacques Revaux and Gilles Thibaut, and released by French pop star Claude François in 1967. The original French lyrics tell a depressing story about the mundane, daily routine of a married couple whose love has completely died out. Singer-songwriter Paul Anka heard the track while vacationing in the South of France, bought the rights, and wrote entirely new lyrics tailored specifically to Sinatra’s persona.

6
American cheese

Image: Steve Spring (Attribution or Attribution), via Wikimedia Commons

Although it is a staple of grilled sandwiches and burgers, the technology to create meltable processed American cheese was actually pioneered in the Alpine valleys of Switzerland.

In 1922, Swiss food scientists were looking for a way to stop regional cheeses like Emmentaler from spoiling during long export journeys to warm climates. They discovered that by shredding the cheese, heating it up, and adding sodium citrate, the dairy fats would emulsify. This prevented the cheese from separating into an oily mess when melted and allowed it to cool back down into a uniform, stable block. A few years later, American businessman James L. Kraft patented a similar process using cheddar cheese.

7
The Star Spangled Banner

Image: Thomas Carr (arranger), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The United States National Anthem tells the story of the 1814 bombardment of Fort McHenry. While Francis Scott Key penned the patriotic lyrics, the music belongs to a popular British club song.

Key wrote his poem to fit the exact cadence of a melody titled "To Anacreon in Heaven". Composed by John Stafford Smith around 1780, this tune served as the official anthem for an exclusive gentlemen’s amateur music club in London.

8
Cars

Image: DaimlerChrysler AG, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Car culture is deeply embedded in American life. Yet, the invention of the automobile belongs across the Atlantic, to one of the fathers of Mercedes-Benz.

German engineer Karl Benz patented the Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1886, widely recognized as the world's first modern gasoline-powered automobile. At the same time, French innovators like Panhard and Levassor pioneered the modern automotive layout, including placing the engine in the front and using a rear-wheel-drive system. Henry Ford undeniably revolutionized the world by using the assembly line to make cars affordable for the masses, but the machine itself was a European invention.

9
Peanut butter

Image: ROMAN ODINTSOV

Peanut butter is an irreplaceable childhood comfort food in the United States, present in millions of lunchboxes every day. While American innovators like Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and George Washington Carver popularized and refined it, they didn't invent it.

The practice of roasting peanuts and mashing them into a smooth paste dates back thousands of years to the ancient Aztec and Inca civilizations, who used it for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Furthermore, the first modern patent for peanut paste wasn't American at all; it was granted to a Canadian chemist named Marcellus Gilmore Edson in 1884.

10
Fireworks

Image: Holger Wulschlaeger

No American Independence Day celebration is complete without a massive fireworks display. However, this tradition predates the founding of the United States by more than a millennium.

Fireworks were invented in ancient China, tracing back as far as the Han Dynasty around the 2nd century BCE. The technology eventually traveled west via the Silk Road, long before making its way to the New World.

General General 4 min read

Americans did what?

Guinness goes local: Hilarious records from across the US

Image: Kanashi

Yes, we’ve heard about the tallest and the shortest person, and we’ve even seen them side by side! And however crazy that was, that’s just the tip of the iceberg in the Guinness World Records Book. America is nothing short of contributions, so we’ve gathered some record-breaking examples from each state to amaze you!

1
Florida: The American Dream car

Image: Richard R

Florida holds the record for the longest car in the world. Measuring a jaw-dropping 100 feet and 1.5 inches, this beast of a limousine stretches longer than a basketball court. Michael Dezer made it official at Dezerland Action Park in Orlando on March 1, 2022. It was rebuilt using parts from the original record-holding car. Wanna take a ride in it?

2
California: A dog on wheels—and on fire

Image: Ben Hanson

California isn’t just home to movie stars; it’s also where a dog named Tillman made record-breaking history. In 2009, Tillman flew across 330 feet on a skateboard in just 19.67 seconds. No, that’s not a typo; it took him less than 20 seconds. No motor, just pure doggy determination.

3
California: Pedaling across America at 67

Image: Tom Dillon

Lynnea C. Salvo, a retired teacher, didn’t let age slow her down. At the age of 66, she hopped on a bicycle and rode all the way, completing the first transcontinental bike ride. That’s 3,163 miles of grit, sunburn, and serious calf muscles. She wrapped up her journey on October 18, 2021, landing her a spot in the record books and in our article.

4
West Virginia: Flamingos, flamingos everywhere

Image: Vicko Mozara

If you’ve ever thought you liked flamingos, prepare to be humbled. Deborah Buscher Leck of Kearneysville, West Virginia, owns 2,595 flamingo-related items, making her the proud record-holder for the largest flamingo collection on Earth. It's pink, it's proud, and totally amazing!

5
Georgia: So many tiny chairs, so little time

Image: Haneen Alqatanani

Barbara Hartsfield of Ellenwood, Georgia, has a thing for chairs, but only the miniature kind. She’s collected 3,000 of them, each unique and meticulously displayed. It took her more than a decade to round them up. Her collection might be tiny in size, but it’s huge in charm. Who knew a chair that fits in your hand could still have so much to give you?

6
Idaho: Hula-hooping like a champ—in the pool

Image: Thomas Park

David Rush of Boise doesn’t just swim—he balances a hula hoop on his head while swimming. And not just for a few seconds. He kept that hoop steady for 16 minutes and 13 seconds, setting a Guinness World Record in 2017. If multitasking were an Olympic sport, David would be bringing home the gold, you know?

7
Iowa: The beard that wouldn't quit

Image: Multi Awesome Studio

Hans N. Langseth's beard was so legendary that it got its own posthumous world record. When he passed away in Kensett, Iowa, in 1927, his beard measured a whopping 17 feet and 6 inches long. That’s longer than most cars. His epic facial hair now lives on at the Smithsonian, preserved for curious beard fans and history buffs alike.

8
Kansas: Earsplitting basketball fans

Image: Marius Christensen

On February 13, 2017, the University of Kansas basketball fans did something no other crowd had managed before: They screamed their heads off to hit 130.4 decibels. That’s louder than a jackhammer. That way, the Jayhawks turned Allen Fieldhouse into the loudest indoor sports arena ever recorded.

9
Kentucky: The tape ball to end all tape balls

Image: Markus Spiske

Over in Louisville, the Portland Promise Center didn’t just toss out their tape; they rolled with it. They created a monstrous tape ball weighing 2,000 pounds and stretching 12 feet 9 inches around. It’s made of duct tape, packing tape, masking tape… You name it. Just don’t get too close, who knows what could happen?

10
Maryland: Crab cake heaven

Image: Andrey Stakhovskiy

Maryland takes its crab cakes seriously. How serious? Well, on September 1, 2012, Handy International in Timonium whipped up a 300-pound crab cake. That’s the size of a vending machine, but way tastier. It’s safe to say no one left that event hungry.

11
Minnesota: The fluffiest tail in town

Image: Daniel Zopf

Mr. Pugsley Addams, a silver Maine Coon from Mound, has a tail that stole the show—and the record. Measuring 18.5 inches, his tail was officially the longest on a domestic cat. That’s one unforgettable feline, don’t you think?

12
Mississippi: Cowbells ringing in unison

Image: Jamie Street

On September 10, 2015, the Mississippi State University Student Association gathered 5,748 people to ring cowbells at the same time. The result? A thunderous clanging that set a world record and probably made a few ears ring for days.

13
Alaska: Cabbage the size of a small car

Image: Arnaldo Aldana

Up in Alaska, where summer days seem to last forever, the vegetables grow big. Like, really big. Scott A. Robb set a jaw-dropping record at the Alaska State Fair with a cabbage that tipped the scales at 138.25 pounds. Scott’s no stranger to giant greens; he’s also grown record-holding turnips. There must be something in that Alaskan soil (or perhaps just a lot of fertilizer).

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